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In English, numerous grammatical constructions are in dispute. In each dispute, a significant number of English speakers identify a given construction as incorrect while a significant number of different English speakers identify it as correct. Differences in rules between formal and informal speech, and also between dialects, often enter such disputes; informal speech or non-standard dialects are sometimes simply labelled as incorrect. Correct use of a given register or dialect may be seen as markers of education, culture, group identity, or respect. Various proscriptive authorities, such as style guides and teachers, make pronouncements on the correctness of many constructions; disputes arise when these authorities disagree with each other, or with actual usage by a population of speakers. ==Examples== Some of the following examples are considered by some sources to be acceptable in dialects other than Standard English or in an informal register; others consider certain constructions to be incorrect in any variety of English. * Generic ''you'' – e.g. "Brushing your teeth is a good habit." as opposed to "Brushing one's teeth is a good habit"〔() lists "one; anyone; people in general" as a definition without qualification that it is non-standard〕〔() requires replacing "you" with another word unless it means "you the reader".〕 * Split infinitives – e.g. "To boldly go where no man has gone before." as opposed to "To go boldly where no man has gone before"〔 "No other grammatical issue has so divided English speakers since the split infinitive was declared to be a solecism in the 19c (century ): raise the subject of English usage in any conversation today and it is sure to be mentioned."〕 * Conjunction beginning a sentence – e.g. "But Mom said not to jump on the bed!"〔http://blog.oxforddictionaries.com/2012/01/can-i-start-a-sentence-with-a-conjunction/〕 * Double genitive – e.g. "a friend of theirs" as opposed to "a friend of them" or "their friend" * Using "me" vs. "I" in the subject complement ("It is me." as opposed to "It is I.") or other cases - e.g. "Me and Bob" vs. "Bob and I" ::''It's me again.'' * Using "I" vs. "me" in the oblique case. e.g. "He gave the ball to Bob and I" instead of "He gave the ball to Bob and me". This is an example of hypercorrection. * The validity of ''aren't'' as a negative First Person Singular conjunction for ''to be'' in interrogative uses – e.g. "Aren't I the one you were talking about?"〔(【引用サイトリンク】title="''Aren't I?''" vs. "''Ain't I''" Usage Note )〕 * Whether to use the subjunctive mood – e.g. "I wish I were/was a better man." * Whether to use ''who'' or ''whom'' in various contexts. * The use of ''less'' or ''fewer'' with count nouns. * Double negatives – e.g. "We don't need no education." * Certain double modals – e.g. "You might could use it." - not considered standard, but used for example in Southern American English.〔Kenneth G. Wilson, "Double Modal Auxiliaries", ''(The Columbia Guide to Standard American English )'', 1993.〕 * Double copula〔http://currentnoblesville.com/the-double-is〕 – e.g. "What has to happen is is that the money has to come from somewhere."〔http://www.slate.com/blogs/lexicon_valley/2013/09/17/double_is_why_linguists_think_we_sometimes_double_up_on_is_in_a_setup_payoff.html〕 * Ending a sentence with a preposition – e.g. "You have nothing to be afraid of." vs. "You have nothing of which to be afraid.", was first criticized by grammarians in the 1600s by analogy with Latin grammar and some teachers since, though many have always accepted it as part of standard English.〔http://blog.oxforddictionaries.com/2011/11/grammar-myths-prepositions/〕 * Order of quoted punctuation marks, i.e. American style (e.g. 'Many dreams were characterized as "raw," "powerful," and "evocative."') vs. British style (e.g. 'Many dreams were characterized as "raw", "powerful", and "evocative".'). Some American authorities such as the APA and CMS require the former, while others either allow, prefer, or require the latter (such as the LSA). Several proscriptions concern matters mainly of writing style and clarity but not grammatical correctness: * Dangling modifiers (including dangling participles) are often cited as potentially causing confusion.〔McArthur, Tom, ed. The Oxford Companion to the English Language, pp. 752-753. Oxford University Press, 1992, ISBN 0-19-214183-X The dangling modifier or participle〕 * Various style guides warn writers to avoid〔The Elements of Style, 1918〕 and not to avoid〔A Dictionary of Modern English Usage, 1926; Politics and the English Language, 1946〕 the passive voice. * Gender neutrality in English is a consideration topic in several ways: * * Gender-specific and gender-neutral pronouns - Replacing masculine pronouns like "he" where they are meant to refer to a person of either gender with "he or she", alternative phrasing, or grammatically controversial gender-neutral personal pronouns such as the singular they〔Chicago Manual of Style, 13th edition, (1983): p. 233.〕 or newly invented words like "hir" and "ze" * * Terms for humans in general - Replacing nouns like "mankind" with "humankind" * * Gender marking in job titles - Replacing nouns like "chairman" and "manpower" with alternatives like "chairperson" and "staffing levels" * * Married and maiden names - Whether or not women (and men) should change their names after marriage * * Use of Ms. for equality with Mr., as opposed to Miss and Mrs. which do not have male equivalents For an alphabetical list of disputes concerning a single word or phrase, see List of English words with disputed usage. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「English usage controversies」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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